Historical Thinking And Other Unnatural Acts - 1047 Words

Kent Robertson HIS 6632 – Ritter Wineburg Book Review March 17, 2017 Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts This week’s topic was the book Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts by Sam Wineburg. There is an old quote that states â€Å"Those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it† (Santanya, 2006). This has long been the worry of educators and policy makers in the United States, how should history be taught and what parts of history are the best to teach? The focus of Wineburg is not which part of history or which version of history should be taught but he asks why teach history at all. As he states the answer is that history has the potential of humanizing us in ways that are offered sparsely in the other†¦show more content†¦Contextual thinking is a way to organize thoughts that relate to the same time period that a document or text was written, thus giving the student a better understanding of the big picture. He also focuses on teaching students to think like a historian. Some of the ways to guide the student in this way of thinking are s ourcing, contextual thinking, close reading, background information, etc. In guiding students to think how a historian thinks and to fully investigate questions that come up teaches them to tolerate complexity, adapt to new situations and to go deeper than the first answer that pops into their head. Using this approach one can teach students to resist the sources telling them what to think but allow them to take in all of the information, ask the appropriate questions and formulate their own opinions. Wineburg’s approach reminds me of the use of scaffolding in education. Scaffolding is the method of using techniques to move students toward stronger understanding and greater independence in the learning process. In my association with the concept of scaffolding I have used prior knowledge to bolster a lesson, study of the issue from a variety of ways, simplifying the lesson and presenting it in multiple parts and used vocabulary introduced prior to the lesson to ensure comprehension. The method that closely resembles Wineburg’s would be using prior knowledge to bridge knowledge gaps in the lesson at hand. As WineburgShow MoreRelatedChapter Of Historical Thinking And Other Unnatural Acts963 Words   |  4 PagesCOLLAPSE In the second chapter of Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts, Sam Wineburg traces the evolution of educational psychology research on how history is learned and best taught. He reviews literature and studies, from the turn of the 20th century to today, concerning the pedagogy and learning of history. He continues his focus on the question: What can learning about history teach us and how can we best come to learn it? Much of the chapter surrounds the difference between â€Å"declarativeRead MoreSummary Of The Ruminant Animal Essay1259 Words   |  6 Pagesafflictions, specifically caused by instances of racial microaggression. She also brings attention to the preconceived ideas regarding race that stem from the unnatural, but historical events from America’s past. The narrator of Citizen encounters several incidents entailing being treated poorly due misjudgment; misjudgments stemming from the historical self. â€Å"Her house has a side gate that leads to a back entrance she uses for patients. You walk down a path bordered on both sides with deergrass and rosemaryRead MoreThe Connection Between Law And Morality1718 Words   |  7 Pagesclassical lines that of the governance of human being by dictates of pleasure and pain. One familiar way to think about the right thing to do is to ask what will produce the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. 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Men committed shameless acts with men, and received in their own person the due penalty for their error†¦They were filled with every kind of wickedness† (Pg. 133) These verses from the Bible show whatRead MoreSexual Identity1409 Words   |  6 Pageswas taught that sex before marriage was wrong. However, I did not personally believe this. I was skeptical about what I was taught, and usually examined the actions of others to base my own decisions. I listened to the experiences and opinions of others who had waited to have sex or had sex before marriage. I used critical thinking when making my decisions, but was always cautious about drawing any kind of conclusions on what was right or wrong. I also considered the alternative, not having sex. IRead MoreWhat Is Nature Or What It?1491 Words   |  6 Pagesbasis but also on a person-to-person basis. When many people are confronted with people of different viewpoints or opinions on a particular subject they often have the desire to conform that person’s options to their own. This creates a binary way of thinking. You either agree or disagree. This binary really is not affective however espe cially when discussing the topic of what is nature or what is natural. We all have different connotations attached to the word nature. None of these connotations are wrongRead MoreWhat Is Nature Or What It?1480 Words   |  6 Pagescultural basis but also unique to every person. When many people are confronted with different viewpoints or opinions on a particular subject, they often have the desire to conform that person’s opinions to their own. This creates a binary way of thinking. You either agree or disagree. This binary really is not effective, however, when discussing the topic of what is nature or what is natural because it is not a question that has a clear answer. We all have different connotations attached to the word

The Effects Of Peer Relationships On Behavioral And Social...

The Effects of Peer Relationships on Behavioral and Social Development In the stage of early adolescent development, emotional and behavioral development is affected by a variety of experiences. A major aspect of adolescence is the influence of peer relationships. As a child grows older the effect of peer relationships becomes much greater. Peer relationships can consist of various aspects included being involved in bullying, involvement with problematic friends, and supportive peer relationships. Many researchers have explored this topic in various experiments. In particular, researchers have investigated the relationship of certain qualities of peer relationships with behavioral school engagement and emotional development. This is a very intriguing topic of discussion because of the amount of factors that can affect the relationships of adolescent emotional and behavioral development not just peer relations. This is why there must be many studies to determine if certain peer relations have a substantial effect on these aspects of development of adole scents. A major research question I am highly interested in exploring is the question of whether positive peer relationships can lead to more successful school engagement behavior and emotional development. A research article titled â€Å"Peer Relationships as a context for the development of school engagement during early adolescence† explores the â€Å"link between peer relationships and behavioral and emotional school engagementShow MoreRelatedAdolescent Relationships with Parents and Peers Essay examples1380 Words   |  6 Pagespositive relationship between adolescents and their respective parents. The evidence of the changes in peer and parent-child relationships during early adolescence suggests that early adolescence is a critical period of transformation in childrens relationships. Early adolescents may orient toward peers while distancing themselves from their parents because their peer relationships fit some of their developmental needs better than their relationships with their parents. The waxing of peer orientationRead MoreChildren Relational Aggression : Effect Of Children Aggressive On Peers Interaction And Gender Differences1579 Words   |  7 Pages Children Relational Aggression: †¨The Effect of Children Aggressive on Peers Interaction†¨and the Gender Differences in the expression of aggression Nada El Masri Sacramento State University The Effect of Children Aggression on Peers Interaction And Gender Differences In the expression of aggression Relationships with peers have significant importance in the lives of very young childrenRead MoreThe Main Theory Of This Given Article Is About How Much1318 Words   |  6 Pagesarticle is about how much adolescents and their peer influence occurs on social media. Researchers measured adolescents and their neural and behavioral responses to likes on a social media site, Instagram, a popular photo-sharing application and how their peer influence affects them. Social media is very popular and there have been several questions speculating whether or not social media has effects on interpersonal skills, social skills, development, and interactions between young adults. These certainRead MoreRelationship Between Marital Conflict And Children s Peer Relationships1439 Words   |  6 Pagesan active processor of their environment and marital conflict can predict their emotional and behavioral adjustment. It is important to develop intervention programs and strategies that will help childre n cope and reduce the likelihood of negative outcomes from witnessing interparental conflict. The current study aims to determine if there is a link between marital conflict and children’s peer relationships. The proposed study will be a 12-year longitudinal study. 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This issue is important to acknowledge because future generations are suffering from the repercussions of the incarceration process. Overall, parental incarceration has a negative effect on behavioral aspects involving attention and interaction. The first negativeRead MoreResilience1499 Words   |  6 Pagesand identify ways of promoting resilience or positive development. Chronic medical conditions can have significant consequences in various aspects among adolescents. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), chronic conditions are diseases that progress over a slow period of time and remain for a long duration of an individual’s life. Adolescence, as defined by WHO, is the period of life from 10-19 years of age. Major developments occur during this stage including cognitive growth, which

Spectator Violence at Sporting Events Free Essays

â€Å"These people want to hurt you. It†s frightening. You feel like you†re in a cage out there†. We will write a custom essay sample on Spectator Violence at Sporting Events or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reggie Smith, (Berger, 1990). Spectator violence at sporting events has been recorded throughout history. People who have power over the events, often team owners, indirectly influence the amount of spectator violence by encouraging the factors contributing to violence, in order to benefit themselves. Sale of alcohol, encouraging crowd intensity, creating rivalries, and targeting social groups, are factors affecting the degree of spectator violence and can be proven to be influenced by the owner†s actions. Therefore the blame for spectator violence can be attributed to whoever has power over the sport. Many historians suggest that an increase in spectator violence coincides with the commercialization of sports. Anthropologists agree that in societies where games were not for profit, they were enjoyed as celebrations of physical skill without competitiveness or violence between players or spectators (Berger, 1990). However, when people gained power or financially from the sporting events, spectator violence increased (Berger, 1990). Public spectacles and games were part of the Roman Empire. Each emperor had an amphitheater and the size of the crowd reflected the emperor†s wealth or power. The emperor through crowd excitement could influence spectator violence to such an extent that gladiators could be killed or freed depending on the crowd†s effect on the emperor (Robinson, 1998). The emperor encouraged the Roman working class, â€Å"to forget their own suffering, by seeing others suffer,† while the senators, and emperor would benefit financially from gambling profits (Robinson, 1998). With the commercialization of sports, owners† profits increased with alcohol sales. Beer drinking has been an integral part of sports since the late 1870†³s. Chris van der Alie noticed that his saloon did well when St. Louis Brown Stockings were in town. As a result, he decided to sell beer at the games. On February 12, 1880, Alie signed a contract with the Browns allowing him to sell alcohol on their property (Johnson, 1988). During a game on July 6, 1881, the first alcohol related brawl broke out in the crowd, injuring twenty spectators and killing two (Johnson, 1998). The signed contract with the Browns† was a financial bonus for the owner, however permitting alcohol to be sold, might have indirectly contributed to the injuries and deaths. Alcohol sales contribute financial support to teams. â€Å"Without beer companies as sponsors, the teams would have trouble making ends meet. † Bob Whitsitt, president of Seattle Supersonics, (Berger, 1990). The more alcohol consumed, the more revenue for the owners. During the 1987-1988 season the Cincinnati Reds sold 12,610 half-barrels and 35,365 cases of beer. The amount of beer consumed averages out to a pint for every man, woman, and child who attended the 81 games the team played at home (Johnson, 1988). The team†s owner benefited with a financial profit of over 1 million dollars. Sponsorship or ownership of teams by alcohol manufacturers, increases the alcohol sales. The first major partnership of beer and baseball dates from the 1953 purchase of the Cardinals by August A. Busch, Jr. , president of the Anheuser-Busch brewery (Johnson, 1988). In twenty-five years its† sales soared from fewer than 6 million barrels a year to more than 35 million (Johnson, 1988). In addition to direct profit, alcohol also indirectly increases profit through increased attendance. In 1974, when the Cleveland Indians† fan attendance was down, the owner implemented â€Å"Beer Night† where they sold beers for 10 cents at the first game of a three game series against the Texas Rangers (Berger, 1990). Attendance was up by 3500. The night turned out to be the first and last â€Å"Beer Night†. When a brawl occurred during the 5th inning, hundreds of Indian fans charged the field and beat up the Texas Ranger players. Seventy-six people were arrested. All were intoxicated (Berger, 1990). There†s no question that the beer played a great part in the affair† (GM Eddie Robinson). Eddie Robinson did not apologize for the incident, and it took Lee MacPhail, president of American League to intervene and ban the beer nights (Johnson, 1988). The rowdy behavior contributed by alcohol consumption often accompanies the throwing of beverage containers. Cups, bottles, and cans act as stimuli and provide a throwing opportunity. In 1988, Pete Rose of Cincinnati Reds was pelted with full cups of beer and whiskey bottles, when he stormed out of the dugout to dispute a call. It was insane, many of the fans were throwing unopened beer cans† Pete Rose, (Johnson, 1988). To restrain spectator violence, many agree with not selling alcohol at sporting events. â€Å"The selling of alcohol at sporting events should be banned† (Johnson, 1988). Other solutions have been implemented, such as limiting drinking to designated areas, selling low alcohol beer, and making it more difficult to buy. The solution of prohibiting alcohol at games was never implemented (Johnson, 1988) Alcohol sales increase revenue; profits keep the owners satisfied. The owners to increase entertainment and increase attendance often promote other stimulants such as music, hearing obscenities, and aggressive play in the event or in the stands. Since sports are a source of entertainment, loud music and aggressive play in the event pump up the crowds, increasing the fans† enthusiasm. Hearing obscenities can be contagious and escalate into more swearing, name calling and fighting. An obscene cheer starts with two fans, increases to eight and soon a whole section is vibrating to the pulse. If fans take exception to the obscenities individual fights break out building into group fights, as friends come to assist. Owners are often able to control the crowd†s involvement in the game with the type of music they play and how loud they control the volume (Robinson, 1998). An excited, participatory crowd heightens the atmosphere and increases future ticket sales, benefiting the owner. However, the same atmosphere can increase hostility leading to fan violence. Basketball games attract anywhere from twenty to thirty thousand fans, whereas a gymnastic competition may attract a few hundred (Robinson, 1998). This is party due to the loud, exciting atmosphere at a basketball game. Goldstein did a study comparing crowd hostility before and after a basketball game to before and after a gymnastic competition. He proved that the hostility increased considerably for the basketball fans, and also discovered that hostility occurred no matter if the fan was rooting for the winning or the losing team (Robinson, 1998). Large sport events like basketball often use music to increase the crowd†s hostility and competitive awareness of the game. Owners often don†t realize at what point hostility turns to fan violence. This may have been the situation for Dan Goodenow, organizer of the 1988 Martin Luther King Classic basketball tournament where 5 fans were arrested, a man’s face slashed, and a police officer injured during a riot (Atyeo, 1979). Coaches and game officials blamed the rap group Public Enemy, who played before the game shouting obscenities, carrying plastic guns, and working up the crowd to an extent of raucous excitement (Chapman, 1988). Owners or school leaders help create team rivalry by encouraging fans, through city or school patriotism, to support their team. With media support, owners use historical team rivalry, competitive stories, propaganda and team loyalty to promote high-ticket sales and increase profits. Excessive promotion of rivalry changes crowd cheers to jeers that can lead to violence. The most common rivalries are school rivalries. Starting as far back as 1899 the students of Colorado School of Mines and those of Colorado College would celebrate victory by using dynamite to blow up the rival†s goal posts (Taylor, 1992). During one game the presidents of the universities promoted the final game, as â€Å"The top college in Colorado will win† (Taylor, 1992). By game time, most students from both schools were there to cheer their teams on. When Colorado College was down their fans, frustrated by the score and the name-calling, stormed the field at half time where a riot broke out. When rivalry was claimed to be a factor it was no longer promoted, and violence diminished (Taylor, 1992). A similar example of rivalry leading to hostility occurred in the 1999 Red Feather game Banting vs. Westminster. To encourage attendance and raise money for charities both schools had pep rallies to pump up the students by using music, videos and chants. During half time the two schools emerged towards the center of the field taunting each other. The organizers of the rallies intent on boosting ticket sales inadvertently encouraged spectator violence. There is an increase in violence following sporting events promoting rivalry as compared to regular promotion, as seen in professional boxing following a highly talked about match. The promoters in boxing do everything they can to make sure the matches turn out violent to satisfy the crowd. David C. Phillips a sociologist studied the rate of homicides following highly publicized heavyweight championship fights. The survey was done the 3 weeks following each of 18 highly publicized bouts from 1973-1978 compared to those bouts with normal publicity (Davidson, 1983). Phillips found that there were 193 more murders, in the surrounding areas, after the promoted fights as compared to the norms (Davidson, 1983). After the highly promoted Muhammad Ali vs. Joe Frazier fight on October 1, 1975, the murder rate shot up thirty-two percent (Davidson, 1983). Phillips theory is â€Å"people see how violence is prized in the boxing ring and come to believe that violence outside the ring will also be rewarded† (Davidson, 1983). The rewards however, are the financial rewards to the owners, through increased ticket sales and media advertising. Spectator violence may be parallel to violence in the society. For example in a violent society, play will be violent, whereas in a peaceful society play will be more peaceful. The make up of the social group contributes to the possibility of violence. Spectators can be divided into different social classes and the event advertised in areas where a particular social group is targeted for ticket sales. Often working class males are targeted, as their values and attitudes of aggressiveness, fearlessness and toughness are well suited to competitive sports (Bonney Giulianotti, 1994). They are likely to be the fans that are betting on the game or are there for the thrills (Berger, 1990). These fans are more likely to attend contact sporting events such as rugby and to be violent, compared to the upper class fans who analyze the game are more likely to attend a cricket match. In the sport soccer, hooligans who dominate the crowds are mainly males who generally act in rough, noisy behavior (Taylor, 1992). They have lawless fun, fighting spectators, throwing objects and vandalizing property. Most hooligans are from the working class. They have low ambitions, violent behavior and high stress levels (Bonney Giulianotti, 1994). They act out their frustrations, like the Roman working class, by attending sporting events where they loose their individualities. Fans in Glasgow, Scotland, trampled sixty-six persons to death when they tried to return to the stadium they had just left upon hearing that a last-minute goal had been scored. Berger, 1982). â€Å"Hooliganism gives the organization of a team motivation with their traditional cheers and it builds the atmosphere which builds a team† Lesie Davis, management of Peru†s soccer organization (Taylor, 1992). Major soccer teams target this low-income social class because it brings atmosphere to the game and alcohol sales and profits increase (Shumacher, 1975). In marketing ticket sales for most team sports, owners target males nineteen to forty-five. Sixty three percent of males and twenty percent of females in that age range are involved with sports whether they participate in them, or follow them (Oliver, 1971). Team owners often exclusively target males, resulting in an increase of ticket sales and merchandise. However, when males are bonded they often act violently emphasizing their masculinity, machismo, bravery and fighting skills (Tiger, 1970). Many teams in the American Baseball League in the 1970†³s were having problems concerning fan violence, and found the main instigators were males. They changed the games to Sunday, traditionally a family day and encouraged female fans by admitting them free. With women and family present the men were less likely to loose their individuality and act violently as a group. The results for the next 5 years were positive as fan violence decreased by 30 percent (Berger, 1990). By studying the occurrences, degrees, and causes of fan violence over history, owners are able to decrease the incidents of fan violence while maintaining profits and entertainment value of their organization. Slowly but effectively owners, teams, coaches and professional leagues are creating solutions to minimize fan violence. The American Baseball League, National Baseball League and the National Basketball Association participate in TEAM (Techniques for Effective Alcohol Management), which is a program for training everyone from vendors to ushers in handling people who have had too much to drink (Berger, 1982). Many of the NFL teams have moved their tailgate parties outside the stadium to eliminate the hostility caused by loud rock bands on the premises (Berger. 1990). Security cameras have been installed in many of the soccer stadiums and transportation centers to games, spotting the fans that cause the violence, and acting as deterrents for others. Controlled drinking areas, entrance controlled security checks, and increased visible security personnel are measures, which have helped to reduce fan violence in all sports. Most important, the owners need to be aware that some of their actions to benefit their organization have an indirect influence on the factors for fan violence. Sport is a basic feature of Australian culture. The achievements of Australian athletes have enhanced our image as a nation. Participation in sporting activities contributes to the health of millions of Australians; the teamwork and fair play which Australians learn on the playing field provide the basis for a good society. But Australian sport is not without shortcomings. Whilst sporting violence, on the part of both participants and spectators, is less frequent and less severe in Australia than in many overseas locations, it remains grounds for concern. Violence on the playing field sets a bad example for impressionable young Australians. Unruly crowd behaviour can spoil a pleasant family outing. How to cite Spectator Violence at Sporting Events, Essay examples

Cold War Kids free essay sample

It all started when I leapt out of the yellow taxi cab full of excitement. I was ready to rock out at Summer Fest for the third year in a row. Only to realize moments later that I had left the tickets at my house. I felt my heart drop to my stomach, my day had just turned upside down. Since Tommy and I were unable to enter the gates, we got stuck on the side of Nell In the blazing hot sun. It was the middle of the day, about 80 degrees, and lucky me decided to wear a black shirt.As you can see, a wonderful start to my day, So much for Summer Fest 2013. After a few lost calls and several trips to the ticket booth (that was full of people trying to pull up our tickets online, but in the end were no help at all), Still no progress. We will write a custom essay sample on Cold War Kids or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At this point Tommy was pretty upset with me for leaving the tickets at my house, it was going to make us very late to the festival. Luckily, my favorite band, Cold War Kids, was the last act.The tickets had to get down here in time to see them or I was going to lose After hiking around downtown, and bar hopping for a few hours, it was starting to get late and I was darting to get nervous. Well this resulted in aching feet, sweaty palms, expensive beer, and anxiously lathing for our tickets to arrive. The hot sun was beaming down on me as I saw It starting to set. Eight Oclock comes and finally Bailey arrived with our tickets, Summer Fest 201 3 had Just begun.Entering a music festival Is like entering an airport, It Is an Incredibly diverse culture. Now we have the Brow, the divas, the photographers, the comedians, the police, the advertisers, the dude who had a one too many beer, the groupies, the pesters, the rave dancers, the gays, the couples, the obnoxious kids, the film crew, the staff, the people with crazy hair, and even the type of people your parents would tell you to stay away from, Bailey rambled on a s I politely interrupted. But you know what everyone I look at has in common? They are all enjoying the music in their own way with the biggest smile on their face. Walking into the Lifestyles Community Pavilion, seeing all the free spirits enjoying life around me turned my day right back around. I had finally made It to what I was looking forward to all day, I was about to see Cold War Kids perform live before my eyes. Gazing up at the sky, while lying down on the grassy hill, front and center the stage, all I could see was stars shining bright as ever.I got caught off guard when I saw a bright light that was not coming from the sky, I got the feel that Cold War Kids was about to perform. I sit up to see strobe lights flashing, vibrant yellow, red, blue, and green light up the stage. The screaming of the fans all around me is music to my ears. Suddenly the strobe lights stop, and the spotlight shines right on Matt as he begins to strum the chords of my all time favorite song. Wahoo! I shouted with excitement.This was such a beautiful sight, my favorite band in front of me performing live, stars shining above me, and people all around me enjoying themselves. It was awesome to look around and see all happy faces, it gives you that good, fuzzy feeling Inside. Standing on top of the hill, my best friends next to me, dancing around, waving my arms In the air, listening to my favorite song ever, being reformed live In front of my face,l had no worries In the world.The chorus came up and the tone softened, this is when you could hear the crowd all singing along l even then it sounds so soothing, this will blow over in time, this will all blow over in time at the top of their lungs. As Matt stopped to say, This right here is why Im here today, to see everyone in this whole venue come in sync and sing along the lyrics to our song s with us, that is truly amazing; Then continued to burst out in song. I took a look around, and saw nothing but happiness.Every single person I saw had a smile on their face, and was singing their heart out. People all around me, some dancing, some kissing, some laughing, some Just lying in the grass enjoying the music. Taking it all in, because that is why we were all their, Cold War Kids was able to bring all sorts of different people together for the same reason, music. As Billy Joel would say l think music in itself is healing. Its an explosive expression of humanity. Its something we are all touched by. No matter what culture were from, everyone loves music.